lab data Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gcjtv9

1. rbc normal range men: 4.7-6.1 milion/mm3 (high normal values in athletes)

2. rbc normal range women: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3

3. Hgb normal men: 14-18gm/dL

4. Hgb normal women: 12-15gm/dL (pregnancy values may be under 11gm/dL

5. Hct normal men: 42-52%

6. Hct normal women: 37-47% (pregnancy values under 33%)

7. Hct low hematocrit: 30-25% no symptoms (severity depends on age and condition) 25-30% fatigue 20-25% confusion under 15% problem

8. Hct critical values for: transfusion Hgb less than 8.6 and Hct less than 28%

9. Hct normal ratio: Hgb is 3:1

10. Anemias normocytic normochromic: cells look normal, not enough of them, as in acute bleeding

11. Anemias microcytic hypochromic: cells small, less color, as in iron def, slow hemorrhage, anemia of pregnancy

12. Anemias megaloglastic: cells large, due to b12 a/o folic acid deficiency, lack of intrinsic factor, liver disease

13. thromnocythemia: too many thrombocytes, associated with polycthemia vera, malignancy, RA, bone marrow dx

14. thromnocythemia secondary: can be caused by acute infection, exercise, stress, ovulation

15. thromnocythemia polysythemia vera: sees increased RBC, WBC, and platelets

16. thrombocyopenia: not enough thrombocytes, prolonged bleeding times, petechia if little low, hematoma if very low

17. thrombocyopenia, often idiopathic: autoimmune, secondary as a result of drugs, chemotherapy or viral infection

18. WBC normal range: 5,000-10,000mL

19. WBC neutrophils: largest component 55-70%

20. WBC neutrophils only survive: a few days, powerful killers of bacteria and fungi

21. WBC neutrophils stabs/bands: are immature cells, appear in acute infection; segs means mature cells

22. basophils: 0.5-1.0%, elevated in chronic inflammation, iron deficiency, polycythemia

23. eosinophils: 1-4%, elevated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections

24. monocytes: 2-8%, elevated with bacterial TB, malignancy 1 / 2 lab data

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25. lymphocytes: 20-40%, elevated due to viral infection, EBV, post-splenectomy, some auto-immune conditions, some cancers; low values often due to renal failure

26. in cancer the overall WBC count decreases: though percentage of lymphocytes increases and neutrophils decreases

27. if WBC 20,000 consider: acute or fulminate infection (unless patient has severe immunocompromised condition)

28. in WBC>20,000-25,000: consider leukemia as a possible cause, especially if there is a large presence of blast cells

29. sodium normal range: 135-145mEq/L

30. potassium normal range: adult 3.5-5.0 mEq/L child 3.4-4.7 mEq/L infant 4.1-5.3 mEq/L

31. calcium normal range: total plasma calcium 9-10.5 mEq/L

32. calcium normal range free: 3.9-4.6 mEq/L

33. magnesium normal range: 1.6-3.0 mEq/L

34. chloride normal range: 90-100 mEq/L

35. bicarbonate normal range: 22-26mEq/L

36. phosphate normal range: adults 2.7-4.5 mg/dL children 4.5-5.5 mg/dL

37. bilirubin normal total bilirubin: 0.2-1.0 mg/dL

38. BUN normal range adult: 10-20mg/dL child 5-18mg/dL

39. Creatinine normal range: adults .7-1.5 mg/dL children 0.3-0.7 mg/dL

40. uric acid normal range: men 2.1-8.5mg/dL women 2.0-6.6 mg/dL

41. total protein normal range: 3.2-5.0 6.9-8.5g/dL

42. normal albumin/globulin ratio: 0.8-2.0

43. albumin normal range: 3.2-5.0 g/dL

44. globulin normal range: 2.2-4.2 g/dL 2 / 2

1. antibiotics - tongue: tongue peeled in patches

2. coritcosteroids - tongue: red and swollen tongue

3. bronchodilators - tongue: tip becomes red

4. diuretics - tongue: long term causes peeled tongue (yin deficiency)

5. anti-inflammatory - tongue: red points, tongue body thinner, long term use tongue becomes peeled

6. anti-neoplastics - tongue: thick brown or black dry coating

7. anticoagulants - pulse: becomes overflowing and slightly empty at the middle level

8. beta blockers - pulse: becomes slow

9. ace inhibitors or diuretics - pulse: 3rd position becomes weak

10. h2 receptor antagonists - pulse: slight floating and empty right middle position

11. MAO - pulse: becomes wiry

12. SSRI - pulse: pulse becomes slippery and wiry right middle position

13. sleeping pills - pulse: pulse feels reluctant to come and seems unlikely to last. not smooth, no wave.

1. schedule 1 major types: recreational drugs

2. schedule 2 major types: opioids, short acting barbiturates

3. schedule 3 major types: stimulants, depressants, small qty opiods

4. schedule 4 major types: tranquilizers

5. schedule 5 major types: anti-diarrhea, antitussive, analgesic

6. schedule 1 examples: heroin, mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), marijuana

7. schedule 2 examples: amphetamine, meth, secobarbital, cocain, morphine, methadone oxycodone, vicodin

8. schedule 3 examples: anabolic steroids, marinol, tyenol with codeine

9. schedule 4 examples: benzodiazepines, tramadol, soma, darvocet, ambien

10. schedule 5 examples: cough suppress with small qty codeine, lyrica, lomotil

11. pregnancy category a risk: no evidence of risk based on adequate controlled human studies

12. pregnancy category b risk: animal studies show no risk, inadequate human studies; or animal studies show risk, but human studies do not

13. pregnancy category c risk: animal studies show adverse effect, inadequate human studies, may be given if benefits outweigh risk

14. pregnancy category d risk: positive evidence of risk based on adverse reaction data in women, may be given if benefit outweighs risk

15. pregnancy category x risk: high evidence of fetal harm, risks outweigh possible benefits

16. pregnancy category a examples: folic acid, prenatal vit, levothyroxine

17. pregnancy category b examples: antiviral/antifungal, glucophage, insulin, zofran (nausea)

18. pregnancy category c examples: acetaminophen, albuterol, zoloft, prozac, NSAIDs

19. pregnancy category d examples: aspirin (3rd trimester) tetracycline, paxil, phenytoin, topamax

20. pregnancy category x examples: accutane, thalidomide

cancer Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gcjrw8

1. cancer is the: uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. usually when cells divide they stop once the area has been repaired.

2. ordinarily tumor suppressor genes stimulate: the destruction of these abnormal cells

3. cancer occurs first because: cells are improperly dividing

4. cancer occurs second because: the immune regulatory checks are also malfunctioning

5. some cancer types, such as those involving stem cells: the cells never differentiates

6. cancer is more common in: elderly, after numerous cycles of cell replication, as well as in population with weaker immune systems

7. on average it takes: 11-15 genetic mutations for cancer to take hold in the body

8. benign: differentiated cells, slow growth, no metastasis, no tissue destruction, defined edges, growth by expansion

9. malignant: cells undifferentiated, faster growth, metastasis, tissue destruction, poorly defined edges, growth by infiltration

10. red flags for cancer: unintentional weight loss, bone pain at night, fever, fatigue, new onset persistent cough, blood in stools/urine, coughing up blood, lump in breast or testes, changes in moles

11. clinic breast exam: self exam every month 5-7 days after onset of menstrual cycle

12. mammogram: age 40-44 option to have exam, yearly exam age 45-54, every two years >55 yo

13. pap smear: begin age 21 every 3 yrs till age 29, age 30-65 every 5 yrs with a HPV co-test (or every 3 yrs if basic pap). women >65 yo

14. testicular self exam: monthly for males beginning age 20

15. PSA: advised for high risk patients

16. colonoscopy: first at age 50, then every 10 yrs for colonoscopy; every 5 yrs if sigmoidoscopy fecal occult blood test every year after age 50 or stool DNA test every 3 yrs

17. low dose chest CT: yearly ages 55-74 if history 30 pack year smoking, still smoking or quit within last 15 yrs

18. skin check: monthly self skin check especially for fair-skinned with history of sun exposure

19. CA125, CEA: not routine, but may be tested if cancer suspect or post treatment to track remission

20. prognosis: depends on type, usually patients are followed maximum 10 yrs, so 10 yr survival said to be "cured"

21. cancer is the #2: cause of death in the US 1 / 2 cancer Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gcjrw8

22. melanoma: deadliest form of skin cancer, can rapidly spread to other areas including organs and the brain, accounts for the most of skin cancer related deaths

23. basal cell carcinoma: most frequent skin cancer type, not likely to spread, can often remove via simple surgery

24. squamous cell carcinoma: second most common type, seen more in dark skin, can metastasize

25. leukemia: malignant neoplasm in bone marrow causing excess growth of myeloblasts or lymphocytes

26. lymphoma: abnormal proliferation of B or T cells; classified based on histological appearance of the cells hodgkins or non-hodgkins

27. hodgkins disease (HD): unknown cause, slightly more in males, age 20-35 or 50-70 (bimodal)

28. non-hodgkins lymphoma (NHL): associated with HIV, EBV, Herpes, H. pylori, immunosuppressed patients

29. osteosarcoma: highly aggressive peaks age 15-25 yo, more in males, cause unknown

30. chondrosarcoma: less aggressive, 3-60 yo, more in males (3:1), affects places with cartilage; 50-60% 10yr survival

31. ewing's sarcoma: highly malignant cancer affecting marrow of long bones; more in males 10-30 yo

32. multiple myeloma: affects several bones, more common in 60-70 yo, males more than females

33. lung cancer: leading cause of cancer related death

34. colon cancer: 2nd leading cause of death by cancer in US

35. liver cancer: usually liver tumor is secondary tumor from GI tract, breast or lung

36. cholangiocarcinoma: adenocarcinoma arising from bile ducts

37. pancreatic cancer: 4th leading cause of cancer deaths

38. thyroid cancer: abnormal growth of cells in thyroid

39. breast cancer: most common female malignancy, 1 in 8 women over lifetime will get it, uncommon below age 35

40. ovarian cancer: usually aggressive, incidence increases with age, greatest between 70-74 yo, often no symptoms

41. prostate cancer: most common noncutaneous male cancer, 1 in 6 white/1 in 5 black men diagnosed in their lifetime 2 / 2

1. dysfunctional uterine bleeding: abnormal bleeding during or between menstrual periods in which the cause is not in the uterus

2. endometriosis: functional uterine tissue found ectopically outside the uterus

3. leiomyoma: aka fibroid; common benign tumor of smooth muscle of uterus increasing in size under estrogen

4. amenorrhea: absence of menses

5. dysmenorreha: pain with menstruation

6. premenstrual syndrome: cluster of physical/psychological symptoms 3-14d prior to menses and easing with onset

7. menopause: cessation of menstrual cycle for a full year

8. pelvic inflammatory disease: inflammation of the upper reproductive tract

9. ectopic pregnancy: fertilized ovum that implants outside the uterine cavity, most often in the fallopian tube

10. preeclampsia: elevated blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestation up to 6 months postpartum

1. normal length: 25-35 days, includes maturation, ovulation, and bleeding from shedding the lining.

2. not necessary to ovulate: in order to menstruate

3. if ovulating, egg is: released 14 days before onset menses

4. first half of cycle (follicular phase): day 1 to ovulation is yin phase. estrogen dominates. body temp lower

5. second half of cycle (luteal phase): ovulation to onset of menses is yang phase. progesterone dominates. higher body temp

6. days 1-5: FSH and LH low, woman is menstruating

7. days 5-7: egg follicle getting bigger, more FSH, increased estrogen promotes proliferation of the endometrium. vaginal secretion creamy to sticky/stretchy (like egg whites)

8. day 14 (if 28d cycle): LH surges, egg is released, woman ovulates, temperature spikes 1 degree; secretion remains sticky/stretchy

9. day 15-20: progesterone increases, increases in blood vessels, endometrium prepares to receive fertilized egg, vaginal fluids start to become dry interspersed with sticky

10. day 21-22: if no fertilization, progesterone drops, corpus luteum dissolves, blood vessels shrink, thinner vaginal secretions. if woman conceives, corpus luteum will continue to produce progesterone for 3 months until the placenta makes progesterone

1. male reproductive organs: penis, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vessicles, prostate, cowper's (bulbourethral) glands

2. penis erection is stimulated by: parasympathetic in s2-s4

3. penis ejaculation is a sympathetic response from: l1-l2

4. testes develop in: abdomen and descend into scrotum in 7th-9th month gestation

5. sperm takes 42 days: to develop

6. sperm can survive in female genital tract: a few hours or to up to 5 days depending on cervical conditions

7. seminal vesicles secrete: fructose as energy for sperm, prostaglandin to assist contraction of uterus to allow sperm get pulled in and protein

8. prostate secretes: an alkaline (sometimes acidic) fluid containing calcium and clotting enzymes plus profibrinolysin so uterine lining doesn't shed or if there's bleeding with intercourse with sperm aren't ejected

9. cowper's glands secretes: alkaline fluid because sperm cannot survive in the acidic environment of the vaginal canal

10. female reproductive organs: external genetalia, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, breasts

11. female external genetalia: mons pubis, labia majora/minor, vestibule, clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening, hymen.

12. vagina: fibromuscular tube connecting internal and external genetalia

13. uterus: hollow thick-walled muscular organ held by 4 ligaments: broad, round, uterosacral and cardinal ligaments

14. fallopian tubes formed by: smooth muscle lined with ciliated mucus producing cells, nearest end to ovary is fimbriae

15. fertilization occurs in: the fallopian tube, then the egg continues to uterus to implant

16. ovaries fully developed with: with eggs inside by 3rd month gestation, millions of oocytes then taper to several hundred

17. ovaries store: eggs and produce estrogen/progesterone

18. breasts: located between 3rd and 7th ribs, composed of connective tissue, fat tissue, glandular tissue with alveolar ducts that converge into lactiferous ducts at nipple

19. during pregnancy the ductile system: grows and branches, breasts may double in size

20. milk ejection depends on oxytocin and: suckling of baby

1. bladder signals: urge to urinate once it contains 150-300ml

2. urine average daily output: 800-2500ml

3. control of urinary reflex is: spinal cord level s2-s4

4. urinary retention can be due to: obstruction (stone, scar tissue), impaired innervation (s2-s4 injury), or mediations

5. spastic bladder: neurological impairment above s2 leading to automatic bladder (inhibition is los, bladder automatically empties when full)

6. flaccid bladder: loss of bladder fullness perception, either from neuropathy or s2-s4 injury; can't voluntarily urinate though can empty

7. urinary incontinence: involuntary loss of urine either from increased abdominal pressure, internal sphincter weakness, drugs, some autoimmune conditions, overfull bladder

8. urinary tract obstruction: can be from stones within renal pelvis, congential abnormality, urethral stricture, benign prostatic hypertrophy in older males, cancer

9. urinary tract infections: >100,000 organisms/mL in a midstream urine sample

10. pyelonephritis: inflammation of renal pelvis

1. thirst regulates: water intake, sensed in hypothalamus and develops if 0.5% or more water lost; dehydration if 2% lost

2. renin--angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates: water output

3. adh is released if: there is decrease in blood volume or blood pressure

4. water is lost through: urination (larest volume loss), skin (sweat), lungs (breathing) and GI tract (stool)

5. water deficit can be due to: inadequate intake, excess GI loss, excess renal loss, excess sweat, burns, fever, edema

6. water excess can be due to: improper elimination (kidney failure), administration of fluids, or over intake

7. edema can be due to: increased capillary pressure (aka hydrostatic pressure), decreased osmotic pressure (as with low albumin), increased capillary permeability (allergies, injury), or obstruction of lymph flow

1. acid base balance: three primary buffer systems in the body used to maintain blood pH within normal range of 7.35-7.45

2. protein buffer system: largest buffer system, regulated by plasma proteins, mainly albumin

3. bicarbonate buffer system: in the lungs and kidneys, h2co3 into hco3- and h+ ions

4. phosphate buffer system: in the kidneys, h3po4 into h2po- and h+ ions

5. other buffer systems include ion exchange: CA++ for H+ in bone, K+ for H+ in cells, and amino acid deamination in the kidneys

6. respiratory acidosis: decrease in pH due to increase of Co2, such as occurs in emphsema

7. respiratory alkalosis: increase in pH due to decrease of co2, as occurs in hyperventilation

8. metabolic acidosis: decrease of pH due to less hco3-, as in prolonged diarrhea, increase of acids as in lactic acid buildup, or diabetic or alcoholic ketoacidosis

9. metabolic alkalosis: increase of pH due to more hco3-, as in excess antacid use or loss of H+ from vomiting stomach contents

1. kidneys located: retroperitoneal cavity approximately level t12-l3

2. right kidney is: slightly lower than the left due to the displacement from the liver

3. kidneys roles: filtering blood, removing wastes and producing urine, regulates electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood pressure

4. hormones produced by kidneys include: calcitriol and erythropoietin

5. kidneys also produce: enzyme renin, important for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

6. kidneys reabsorb: water, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonates, Na+, CI-, P, Ca, Mg, K

7. kidney excrete: nitrogenous waste, uric acid, hydrogen ions, Na+, Ci-, K (depends what the body needs)

8. Renin is an enzyme released: by the kidney when renal blood flow is low, either from low blood volume or a drop in blood pressure

9. problems with kidneys are suspected if: patient has urinary tract symptoms, changes in urination, abnormalities on urinalysis, hypertension, edema, elevated serum urea or creatinine, persistent fatigue, or flank pain

10. nephrotic syndrome: diseases of the glomerulus allow protein to pass through the glomerulus and into the urine

11. glomerulonephritis: type nephrotic syndorme characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli

12. acute renal failure: sudden decrease in renal function resulting in retention of urea nitrogen and creatinine in blood

13. chronic kidney disease: progressive loss of renal function

1. adrenal glands: each sitting atop a kidney under the last rib, in posterior of the abdominal cavity.

2. adrenal cortex - outermost - zona glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), regulated by renin-angiotensin and blood potassium

3. adrenal cortex - midmost - zona fasciculata: gluococorticoids (cortisol), regulated by negative feedback of hypothalamus - pituitary-adrenal system, peak level 6-8am

4. adrenal cortex - innermost - zona reticularis: sex hormones (DHEA, pregnenolone), stimulates gonads to make sex hormones and contributes to secondary sexual characterisics

5. adrenal medulla: produces the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine that prepare for fight or flight

6. a person can live without: an adrenal medulla

7. loss of the adrenal cortex: can be fatal

8. addison's disease: adrenal insufficiency, low cortisol and/or low aldosterone

9. cushing's syndrome: excess gluocorticoids

10. hirsutism and virilization: increased androgen level in females

11. pheochromocytoma: rare tumor of chromaffin tissue in adrenal medulla causing excess secretion of catecholamines

1. hypopituitarism: reduced function of the pituitary gland

2. growth hormone: promotes linear bone growth, growth of visceral and endocrine organs, growth of muscle, skin and connective tissue

3. prolactinoma: increased prolactin often due to pituitary ademona

4. diabetes insipidus: lack of ADH (not sugar related)

5. hyperthyroidism: also called thyrotoxicosis, elevated metabolism from too much thyroid hormone

6. hypothyroidism: also called myxedema, underproduction of thyroid hormone

7. endemic goiter: enlarged thyroid due to low-iodine diet or congenital defect

8. hyperparathyroidism: abnormally elevated parathyroid hormone causing increased calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia)

9. hypoparathyroidism: insufficient parathyroid hormone leading to abnormally low calcium levels

1. various releasing hormones - special notes: not related to functions of the thalamus, named according to it's location

2. somatotrophins-growth hormones GH or HGH - special notes: affects height, length of bones

3. thyroid stimulating hormone-TSH - special notes: important for management of stress

4. adrenocoricotropic hormone-ACTH - special notes: important for management of stress

5. prolactin-PRL - special notes: if not lactating, high levels often due to pituitary tumor

6. lutenizing hormone-LH - special notes: females: ovulation males: secretion of androgens

7. follicle stimulating hormone-FSH - special notes: females: maturation ova, secretion of androgens, estrogen, progesterone males: maturation of sperm, production of androgen binding protein

8. melanocyte-stimulating hormone-MSH - special notes: skin color determined by amount of melanin produced, not number of melanocytes

9. oxytocin-OT - special notes: bonding hormone, causes a desire to cuddle, groom and bond with a mate

10. antidiuretic hormone-ADH aka vasopressin - special notes: chemically similar to OT, can cause cross-over reactions

11. melatonin - special notes: influenced by artificial and uv light; derived from serotonin

12. thyroxin-thyroxine and triiodothyromine - special notes: requires iodine

13. calcitonin - special notes: along with parathyroid hormones, regulates blood calcium level

14. parathyroid hormone, aka parathormone-PTH - special notes: increases the activity of the enzyme required to change vitamin d to its active form

1. thymic hormone-thymosin, thymopetin - special notes: immunity

2. glucagon - special notes: increases blood sugar

3. insulin - special notes: lowers blood sugar

4. somatostatin - special notes: hypothalamus also releases somatostatin to inhibit GH, TSH, PRL

5. mineralcorticoids-aldosterone - special notes: all adrenal cortex hormones originally derive form cholesterol

6. glucocorticoids-cortisol - special notes: vital for stress response, anti-inflammatory

7. sex hormones-androgens, DHEA - special notes: main androgen is testosterone, DHEA is precursor for estrogen

8. catecholamines-epinepherine, norepinepherine - special notes: prepares for fight, flight, or fright

9. renin - special notes: enzyme, not a hormone, listed here because is part of RAA system

10. erythropoietin - special notes: n/a

11. calcitriol - special notes: biologically active form of vitamin d

12. vitamin d - special notes: derived from cholesterol acts as a hormone

13. atrial natriuretic peptide -ANP - special notes: n/a

14. estrogen - special notes: higher during the first half of menstrual cycle, also has role in heart and bone health

15. progesterone - special notes: levels rises during second half of menstrual cycles

16. testosterone - special notes: high levels can cause menstrual irregularities and masculinization

17. human chorionic gonadoptropin-HCG - special notes: may protect fetus from mother's immune system

18. progesterone = - special notes: production begins after the 1st trimester

19. testosterone =- special notes: males also produce estrogen, involved in the maturation of sperm cells

1. various releasing hormones - function: links the nervous system with the endocrine system

2. somatotrophins-growth hormones GH or HGH - function: stimulates growth, cellular reprod and regeneration

3. thyroid stimulating hormone-TSH - function: stimulates thyroid to release thyroxin

4. adrenocoricotropic hormone-ACTH - function: signals adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

5. prolactin-PRL - function: milk production

6. lutenizing hormone-LH - function: maturation of Sex cells

7. follicle stimulating hormone-FSH - function: maturation of sex cells

8. melanocyte-stimulating hormone-MSH - function: determines skin pigmentation

9. oxytocin-OT - function: female: contraction of uterus; promote ejection of milk

10. antidiuretic hormone-ADH aka vasopressin - function: concentrates urine, boosts reabsorption of water

11. melatonin - function: helps regulate circadian rhythm

12. thyroxin-thyroxine and triiodothyromine - function: regulates metabolism

13. calcitonin - function: lowers blood calcium by reducing osteoclast activity, lowers absorption in intestines/kidneys

14. parathyroid hormone, aka parathormone-PTH - function: signals osteoclasts to release calcium, enhances intestinal absorption and kidney resorption and kidney resorption of calcium

1. thymic hormone-thymosin, thymopetin - function: stimulates t cells maturation, immune system

2. glucagon - function: conversion of glycogen to glucose

3. insulin - function: converts glucose to glycogen or fat, enables cellular uptake of glucose

4. somatostatin - function: inhibits release gi hormones, insulin, and glucagon

5. mineralcorticoids-aldosterone - function: regulates sodium/water balance, long term regulation bp

6. glucocorticoids-cortisol - function: mobilization of fats, proteins, carbs

7. sex hormones-androgens, DHEA - function: gives rise to sex characteristics

8. catecholamines-epinepherine, norepinepherine - function: increases heart rate, bp, resp rate, blood glucose, relaxes smooth muscles of bladder and gi tract

9. renin - function: signals adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

10. erythropoietin - function: stimulates production RBC

11. calcitriol - function: assists calcium absorp in intestines and reabsorption from renal tubules

12. vitamin d - function: assists calcium absorp in intestines and reabsorption from renal tubules

13. atrial natriuretic peptide -ANP - function: lowers sodium in blood, reduces blood volume, bp

14. estrogen - function: maturation and maintenance of reproductive organs and 2nd sex char

15. progesterone - function: prepares uterus for pregnancy and mammary glands for lactation

16. testosterone - function: sexual arousal

17. human chorionic gonadoptropin-HCG - function: promotes corpus luteum

18. progesterone = - function: maintenance, development fetus

19. testosterone =- function: development and function male sex organ, 2nd sex char

1. various releasing hormones - target organ: pituitary gland

2. somatotrophins-growth hormones GH or HGH - target organ: liver, which makes IGf-1

3. thyroid stimulating hormone-TSH - target organ: thyroid

4. adrenocoricotropic hormone-ACTH - target organ: adrenal cortex

5. prolactin-PRL - target organ: breasts

6. lutenizing hormone-LH - target organ: Gonads

7. follicle stimulating hormone-FSH - target organ: gonads

8. melanocyte-stimulating hormone-MSH - target organ: skin cells

9. oxytocin-OT - target organ: reproductive organs

10. antidiuretic hormone-ADH aka vasopressin - target organ: kidneys

11. melatonin - target organ: CNS

12. thyroxin-thyroxine and triiodothyromine - target organ: many target cells

13. calcitonin - target organ: blood and kidneys

14. parathyroid hormone, aka parathormone-PTH - target organ: bones and kidneys

1. thymic hormone-thymosin, thymopetin - target organ: lymph

2. glucagon - target organ: liver

3. insulin - target organ: body cells

4. somatostatin - target organ: digestive system

5. mineralcorticoids-aldosterone - target organ: blood

6. glucocorticoids-cortisol - target organ: blood, lymph

7. sex hormones-androgens, DHEA - target organ: reproductive organs

8. catecholamines-epin3epherine, norepinepherine - target organ: blood

9. renin - target organ: adrenal cortex

10. erythropoietin - target organ: bone marrow

11. calcitriol - target organ: intestines

12. vitamin d - target organ: intestines

13. atrial natriuretic peptide -ANP - target organ: kidney

14. estrogen - target organ: ovary, uterus, breasts

15. progesterone - target organ: uterus, corpus luteum

16. testosterone - target organ: multiple receptor sites

17. human chorionic gonadoptropin-HCG - target organ: lh/cg receptors

18. progesterone = - target organ: uterus

19. testosterone =- target organ: multiple receptor sites

1. various releasing hormones - endocrine gland: hypothalamus

2. somatotrophins-growth hormones GH or HGH - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-anterior (adenohypophysis)

3. thyroid stimulating hormone-TSH - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-anterior (adenohypophysis)

4. adrenocoricotropic hormone-ACTH - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-anterior (adenohypophysis)

5. prolactin-PRL - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-anterior (adenohypophysis)

6. lutenizing hormone-LH - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-anterior (adenohypophysis)

7. follicle stimulating hormone-FSH - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-anterior (adenohypophysis)

8. melanocyte-stimulating hormone-MSH - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-intermediate lobe

9. oxytocin-OT - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-posterior (neuroypophysis)

10. antidiuretic hormone-ADH aka vasopressin - endocrine gland: pituitary gland-posterior (neuropypophysis)

11. melatonin - endocrine gland: pineal gland

12. thyroxin-thyroxine and triiodothyromine - endocrine gland: thyroid

13. calcitonin - endocrine gland: thyroid

14. parathyroid hormone, aka parathormone-PTH - endocrine gland: parathyroid gland

1. thymic hormone-thymosin, thymopetin - endocrine gland: thymus

2. glucagon - endocrine gland: pancreas- alpha cells

3. insulin - endocrine gland: -beta cells

4. somatostatin - endocrine gland: -delta cells

5. mineralcorticoids-aldosterone - endocrine gland: adrenal cortex

6. glucocorticoids-cortisol - endocrine gland: adrenal cortex

7. sex homrones-androgens, DHEA - endocrine gland: adrenal cortex

8. catecholamines-epin3epherine, norepinepherine - endocrine gland: adrenal medulla

9. renin - endocrine gland: kidney

10. erthropoietin - endocrine gland: kidney

11. calcitriol - endocrine gland: kidney

12. vitamin d - endocrine gland: skin

13. atrial natriuretic peptide -ANP - endocrine gland: specialized cells in heart atria

14. estrogen - endocrine gland: ovaries

15. progesterone - endocrine gland: ovaries

16. testosterone - endocrine gland: ovaries

17. human chorionic gonadoptropin-HCG - endocrine gland: placenta

18. progesterone = - endocrine gland: placenta

19. testosterone =- endocrine gland: testes

1. hormones: chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands in response to specific stimuli

2. protein hormones: synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum, do not need carrier molecule, receptor site located on cell membrane

3. steroid hormone: synthesized in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, need carrier molecule, receptor site located on cell nuclear membrane

4. negative feedback: an increase in the hormone results in lowering production of hormone; most common hormonal mechanism

5. positive feedback: increase in hormone leads to increased production, such as with oxytocin

1. pancreas: situated transversally with the head opened to ampulla of vater, body behind stomach, and tail tucked by spleen

2. pancreas endocrine secretions: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

3. pancreas exocrine secretions: bicarbonates, proteolytic enzymes, amylase, lipase

4. acute pancreatitis: acute inflammation of pancreas allowing release of enzymes, auto-digestion of tissue, cell damage, necrosis

5. chronic pancreatitis: progressive destruction of pancreas

6. diabetes mellitus: persistent elevated blood sugar

7. diabetes type 1: insulin dependent diabetes, juvenlie diabetes, childhood onset diabetes

8. diabetes type 2: adult onset diabetes, most common form of diabetes, body makes insulin, but it is either not enough or cells are resitant to it

9. gestational diabetes: form of type 2 diabetes occuring during 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy

1. liver: largest organ located within the rib cage

2. liver anatomy: organized into lobules surrounding a central vein that empties into hepatic vein then into the inferior vena cava

3. liver dual blood supply: liver gets blood from the main circulatory system via hepatic artery and from the digestive track via the portal vein

4. liver functions: chemical modification of cytochrome p450, drug metabolism, alcohol metabolism, converting lipid-soluble derivatives to water soluble substances, hormone inactivation, bile and cholesterol production, bilirubin elimination, protein synthesis, protein transamination and deamination

5. jaundice: condition where bile pigment is deposited in the skin, mucous membranes and sclera

6. hepatitis: diseases of the liver parenchymal cells causing hepatic necrosis

7. fatty liver disease: increased accumulation of fat in the liver

8. cirrhosis: diffuse fibrosis and conversion of normal liver structure into fibrous tissue that interferes with function

9. hemochromatosis: inherited disease characterized by excess iron deposition in the liver and various organs

10. wilson's disease: inherited disorder of copper metabolism

11. portal hypertension: increase resistance to flow with sustained portal vein pressure > 12mmHg (normal 10-12)

12. cholecystitis: inflammation of the gall bladder (RUQ pain), elevated WBC, worse after eating heavy meal, fever, positive Murphy sign

1. upper gi tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach

2. middle gi tract: small intestine, primary site of food digestion and absorption

3. lower gi tract: large intestine, consists of cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon

4. GI system common disorders: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, possible bleeding, and diarrhea

5. dysphasia: difficulty swallowing

6. esophageal diverticulum: weakness of muscle layer allowing out pouching of esophageal wall

7. gastroesophageal reflux (gerd): backward movement of gastric contents into esophagus leading to heartburn (esophagitis)

8. hiatal hernia: part of the stomach bulges thru the diaphragm into the chest cavity

9. gastritis: inflammation of the stomach lining

10. peptic ulcer: common term for gastric or duodenal ulcer

11. malabsorption syndrome: inability to absorb nutrients/vitamins/minerals from the digestive tract

12. celiac disease: autoimmune condition causing intestinal inflammation upon exposure to gluten

13. crohn's disease: autoimmune condition causing chronic transmural inflammation in intestines

14. ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the large intestine

15. infectious colitis: inflammation of bowel mucosa due to toxin

16. diverticulosis: herniation of colon mucosa through muscular layer due to weakness of colon, bleeding

17. diverticulitis: inflammation of the diverticula often as a result of diverticulosis

18. diarrhea: commonly loose/frequent stools; true diarrhea is passing increased amounts of loose stools, >300gm/24hr

19. constipation: infrequent and/or painful, difficult elimination

20. irritable bowel syndrome: alternating constipation and diarrhea, often patients presents as one or the other type as predominant

21. appendicitis: obstruction and inflammation of the appendix, may rupture or become gangrenous, (RLQ pain), elevated WBC, rebound tenderness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

22. peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum

23. hemorrhoids: distension of the rectal veins (variosities)

24. anal fissures: superficial mucosal tear

1. pulmonary system: airways are lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus secreting cells and cilia

2. lobes in lungs: 3 lobes in right lung and 2 lobes in left lung

3. within the lobes are: bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and arteries and veins around sacs

4. type 1 alveolar cells peform: gas exchange

5. type 2 alveolar cells secrete: surfactant and repair the alveoli

6. macrophages: protect from bacterial invasion

7. inspiration occurs: via active movement

8. total lung capacity is: 5800mL

9. tidal volume is the amount inhaled with: normal quiet breathing

10. pulmonary circulation is: low in pressure and resistance

11. basic rhythm of breathing is: controlled by the dorsal group of the medulla

12. hypoxemia: inadequate oxygen in arterial blood

13. hypercapnia: too much carbon dioxide in blood

14. pneumothorax: too much carbon dioxide in blood

15. pleural effusion: collection of abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity

16. atalectasis: incomplete expansion of all or part of the lung

17. bronchial asthma: inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurring symptoms of restricted airflows

18. COPD: group of disorders characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow in pulmonary airways

19. respiratory failure: failure of the lung to deliver sufficient oxygen to arterial blood or insufficient removal of Co2

20. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): sudden, life threatening reaction to injury or infection

21. sleep apnea: cessation of airflow through nose/mouth for at least 10 sec, 30 or more times in 7 hrs of sleeping

1. ischemic heart disease: inadequate blood supply and inefficient removal waste products in arteries supplying heart

2. myocardial infarction: ischemic event in the arteries supplying the heart causing crushing pain

3. heart failure: failure to maintain CO and recruitment of compensatory mechanisms to improve cardiac reserve

4. cardiomyopathy: general term for non-inflammatory disease of cardiac muscle, not due to other pathology

5. rheumatic fever: inflammatory, systemic disease that can affect all three layers of the heart

6. infective endocarditis: insidious infection of the endocardium and the heart valve endothelium

7. valvular heart disease: valve that is narrowed (stenosed) or incompetent (leading to regurgitation)

8. mitral stenosis: thickening of the mitral valve with narrowing of the valve orifice

9. mitral regurgitation: blood flowing back into left atrium during systole

10. aortic stenosis: narrowing of the aortic valve

11. aortic regurgitation: blood back flowing from aorta into left ventricle

12. tricuspid stenosis: narrowing of tricuspid valve

13. tricuspid regurgitation: result of right sided heart failure, increased pressure sends blood back into atrium

14. pulmonary stenosis: right ventricle unable to empty adequately

15. pulmonary regurgitation: dilation of pulmonary valve ring as a result of pulmonary hypertension

1. shock is: a condition of vascular failure with decreased peripheral perfusion and inadequate oxygenation of vital organs

2. most important vital organs requiring blood: brain, heat, kidneys, and liver

3. brain damage can occur in: 5 minutes of no oxygen

4. cardiogenic: heart fails to pump adequately, as seen in heart failure, hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis

5. circulatory: acute loss 15-20% blood causes hypovolumetric shock, not enough circulating blood volume or mechanical obstruction of blood flow as in pulmonary embolism

6. distributive: displacement of blood away from heart, normal volume blood but loss of vascular tone

7. neurogenic: defect in the vasomotor system or sympathetic outflow, cns injury

8. adrenal insufficiency: from addisonian crisis or abrupt cessation of corticosteroids

9. anaphylactic: massive vasodilation due to excess histamine

10. septic: overwhelming infection causing over responsive immune system and excess vasodilation

11. toxic: similar to septic shock but more life threatening, as can occur with improper tampon use

12. shock treatment: based on cause, can require IV fluids, epinephrine, vasopressin (adh), steroids, antibiotics

13. shock complications: brain injury, acute respiratory distress, acute renal failure, GI dysfunction, DIC, multiple organ shutdown

1. hypotension classified as: blood pressure below 90/60mmHg

2. mild hypotension causes: light headedness or dizziness

3. sufficiently low hypotension: may have fainting or seizures

4. severe low pressure hypotension: deprives brain and organs of oxygen and nutrients and is one of the signs of shock

5. orthostatic hypotension: abnormal drop in blood pressure upon positional change, usually from lying or seated to standing

6. to qualify orthostatic hypotension: systolic must drop 20mmHg or more, or a lowered diastolic by at least 10mmHg

7. orthostatic hypotension effect is: dizziness, changes in vision, or fainting

8. orthostatic causes: blood loss, antihypertensive medications, aging, hypoglycemia, post-prandial shunting or blood to digestive system, prolonged bed rest, dysfunction of autonomic nervous system, or unknown cause

1. hypertension is classified as: >140/90mmhg, taken 3 different times of daybp

2. severe hypertension is: bp>180/120. seek emergency care. do not treat with acupuncture

3. essential hypertension: has contributing factors, though there is no exact known cause

4. secondary hypertension: is elevated blood pressure due to an underlying pathology, such as renal disease, adrenal gland disorders, pheochromocytoma, coartation of aorta, or pregnancy

5. goal of hypertension treatment is: maintaining blood pressure <140/90mmHg, or <150/90mmHg if over 60 yo

6. lifestyle changes to reduce hypertension: dietary, exercise, stress, smoking, alcohol

7. ACE inhibitors: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, decreases blood pressure by increasing vessel dilation

8. ACE inhibitors include: (-pril), lisinopril, captopril, and enalapril

9. ARBs: (-sartan), angiotensin receptor blockers work via similar mechanism, primarily used for patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors

10. Beta blockers: (-olol), target the beta receptor, which respond to sympathetic stimulation

11. calcium channel blockers: (-ipine), block voltage-gated calcium channels in cardiac muscle and blood vessels

12. diuretics: (-ipine), (-emide), (-thiazide), (-ine), lower blood pressure by decreasing blood volume

1. atherosclerosis: aka coronary artery disease (CAD), formation. of plaque on the endothelial layer of blood vessels

2. arteriosclerosis: aka peripheral vascular disease (PVD), hardening of arterial walls, often from atherosclerosis, endothelial lesions or hypertension

3. vasculitis: group of disorders that cause blood vessel inflammation and necrosis

4. occulsion: can be due to embolus, artherosclerosis, or spasm (raynaud's phenomenon)

5. aneurysm: abnormal location dilation of the artery

6. varicose veins: enlarged tortuous veins due to valvular insufficiency in either the superficial saphenous or deep venous system

7. thrombophlebitis: inflammation of a vein due to a blood clot

1. the main pacemaker of the heart: the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium

2. if the SA node fails: the cells in the AV bundle will stimulate an impulse

3. if the AV bundle fails: the purkinje fibers will generate the contraction

4. fibrillation occurs: when the cells are not in sync, each cell fires on its own, resulting in an uncoordinated and ineffective beat

5. an electrocardiogram (ECG) is a: recording of the electrical changes in the heart

6. PQRST - P portion =: contraction of atrium (depolarization of SA node)

7. PQRST - QRS portion =: depolarization of ventricles

8. PQRST - T portion =: repolarization of ventricles

9. dysrhythmia: abnormal or unsynchronized heart contractions

10. dysrhythmia causes: SA node not firing properly, ectopic pacemaker (other heart cells setting the lead), scar tissue, electrolyte imbalance, reentry phenomenon

11. dysrhythmia types:: sinus tachycardia (hr>100) or sinus bradycardia (hr<60), premature atrial contraction, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, av heart block, premature ventricular contraction, v tachycardia, v fibrillation

12. ventricular fibrillation is: serious and life threatening, requires immediate medical attention

1. pulmonary and systemic: two circuits to the circulatory system

2. pulmonary: low pressure system 12mmhg consisting of right heart, pulmonary artery, arterioles, capillaries, veins

3. systemic: high pressure system 100mmhg consisting of left heart, aorta, arterioles, capillaries, veins

4. heart is located: between 3rd and 5th intercostal space

5. heart has 3 layers called: pericardium, myocardium and endocardium

6. order of blood flow: deoxygenated blood: from the head and body enter the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava

7. order of blood flow: from the right atrium: blood goes through tricuspid valve to right ventricle, out the pulmonary artery to the lungs to pick up oxygen

8. order of blood flow: oxygen exchange happens: at the capillary level in the lungs

9. order of blood flow: oxygenated blood returns: to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium

10. order of blood flow: from the left atrium: the blood goes through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, where it is pumped out the chamber through the aorta to the rest of the body

11. order of blood flow: systemic system: all blood vessels have 3 layers: tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima

12. order of blood flow: arteries operate under a higher pressure system: have to adjust to changes in blood pressure, the walls of arteries have more elastic (collagen) fibers

13. order of blood flow: arterioles, veins and venules: have more smooth muscle fibers

14. order of blood flow: capillaries are a single layer of: endothelial cells not tightly connected

15. order of blood flow: veins in lower limbs have: valves

16. in order for blood to flow: must be a pressure gradient difference from: - where the blood leaves the heart to where it returns

17. in order for blood to flow: systolic (top): represents the pressure in the heart at the maximum contraction of the ventricle, that is, the pressure of the heart when ejecting blood

18. in order for blood to flow: diastolic (bottom): the pressure in the heart when the ventricles are filled and the heart is relaxed

19. in order for blood to flow: mean arterial blood pressure MAP: is a good indicator of tissue perfusion

20. in order for blood to flow: MAP =: diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure (systolic-diastolic) 1 / 3 circulatory system Study online at https://quizlet.com/_gcc8qx

21. in order for blood to flow: ideal MAP value: 70-100mmHg

22. stroke volume (sv) =: end diastolic volume-end systolic volume

23. ejection fraction =: sd/edv, & blood eject4ed compared to total volume. normal ef = 55-75%. problem if ef<40%

24. cardiac output =: sv x hr, that is, the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute

25. cardiac reserve is: the max % CO can be increased above normal resting level. athletes more reserve than sedentary

26. cardiac output (CO) preload: relates to conditions within the heart, including volume of blood in ventricles and the force the heart has to use to counteract the pressure of the blood.

27. after CO higher preload: more blood, higher pressure

28. CO afterload depends on: the resistance of blood vessels (size, elasticity, plaques), cardiac contractility, heart rate

29. arterial blood pressure is affected by: CO and systemic vascular resistance

30. SVR primarily referes to: changes in vessel diameter, though it is also affected by blood viscosity

31. CO or SVR increases: blood pressure

32. short-term systemic regulation of bp involves: neural mechanisms (baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, heat, cold, emotions) and humoral mechanisms (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

33. long-term systemic regulation is controlled by: kidneys

34. short-term local bp regulation involves: autoregulation of tissue to meet needs (as with exercising) and endothelial cells producing nitric oxide to cause vasodilation

35. long-term local regulation occurs in: collateral system, i.e. the formation of new vessels to shunt pressure, as may occur at end stage ascites

36. baroreceptors: respond to change in stretch of blood vessel, located in carotid and aorta, adapt to prolonged change

37. chemoreceptors: respond to concentration changes in oxygen, co2, and h+, located in carotids and aorta

38. parasympathetic nervous system: decreases heart rate

39. sympathetic nervous system: increases heart rate

40. the lymphatic system starts: in the periphery and travels alongside blood vessels

41. major lymph nodes are in the: groin, axilla, and throat, which is why these regions can swell in cases of infection

42. the spleen is also connected to the: lymphatic system in that it filters blood and contains phagocytic cells

43. filtered lymph drains: into the subclavian vein on the right and the internal jugular on the left

1. traumatic brain injury: more common in males, can be as a result of falls, accidents, sports, violence

2. headache: one of most common patient complaints, only rarely due to a problem within the brain

3. trigeminal neuralgia: sudden, sharp, lancing unilateral facial pain near mouth, ear, eye or nostril

4. bell's palsy: idiopathic, unilateral facial nerve palsy

5. myasthenia gravis: disorder of nerve-muscle junction leading to progressive abnormal muscle weakness

6. guillain barre syndrome: post infectious demyelinating neuropathy (70-75% cases from campylobacter)

7. multiple slcerosis: progressive, degenerative autoimmune disease of CNS marked by demyelination and sclerosing

8. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: rapidly aggressive invariably fatal disease of motor neurons in brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord

9. parkinson's: idiopathic, degenerative disorder of CNS

10. huntington's disease: autosomal dominant inherited disease presenting usually 35-44 yo, sometimes earlier or later

11. benign essential tremor: common inherited tremor of head/trunk when grasping objects or writing

12. alzeimer's: insidious degerative brain disease, mot common form of progressive dementia

13. seizures: not a disease, but asymptom of underlying CNS dysfunction

14. transient ischemic attack (TIA): platelet clumps causing intermittent blockage of circulation

15. stroke: sudden, nonconvulsive focal neurological deficit, usually due to reduction blood flow to or within the brain

1. biceps tendon: c5/6 tap at lung5

2. brachioradialis: c6 tap at li10

3. triceps: c7 tap at sj10

4. patella reflex: l4

5. achilles reflex: s1

1. c5: base of thumb

2. c6: thumb

3. c7: index finger, middle finger, half of ring finger

4. c8: other half of ring finger, pinkie finger

5. t10: level with umbilicus

6. l3: quadriceps/medial side knee

7. l4: front of knee

8. l5: lateral shin to big toe

9. s1: under heel to little toe

10. s1/2: hamstrings/back of legs

1. CN1 name: Olfactory

2. CN2 name: Optic

3. CN3 name: Oculumotor

4. CN4 name: Trochlear

5. CN5 name: Trigeminal

6. CN6 name: Abducens

7. CN7 name: Facial

8. CN8 name: Vestibulocochlear

9. CN9 name: Glossopharyngeal

10. CN10 name: Vagus

11. CN11 name: Accessory

12. CN12 name: Hypglossal

13. CN1 function: Olfaction/Smell

14. CN2 function: Vision and pupillary reaction

15. CN3 function: muscles that move eyeball, also pupillary reaction

16. CN4 function: Lateral and downward motion of eye

17. CN5 function: Main sensory nerve of face and mouth. Motor control muscles of jaw and chewing

18. CN6 function: Lateral eye movement

19. CN7 function: Sensory anterior 2/3 of tongue taste receptors, sweet, salty, sour. Motor muscles of facial expressions

20. CN8 function: Hearing and equilibrium

21. CN9 function: Sensory posterior 1/3 of tongue, bitter taste. motor stylopharyngeus muscle and parotid (salivary) gland

22. CN10 function: motor and sensory innervation of pharynx, larynx, visceral organs, and abdomen, most of parasympathetic system

23. CH11 function: innervates larynx, pharynx, trapezius and sternocletomastoid

24. CN12 function: innervates tongue muscles

orthopedic tests Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5s16g

1. test normal/unaffected side: first, it lets patients know what to expect and gives idea of their normal range of ability

2. test active range of motion: first, then passive range of motion, passive range will be greater than active range

3. if patient is unable to perform active range of motion: complete only passive range of motion

4. if patient has pain during active range of motion: the problem is related to soft tissues -tendons, ligaments, muscles

5. if patient has pain during passive range of motion: the problem is joint related

6. the tool used to measure range of motion: is called a goniometer

7. because there may be multiple names for the same test: focus on how to do the test and what it tests for

8. brudzinkis's tests for:: cervical spine - neck flexion chin to chest - meningitis

9. compression tests for:: cervical spine - press top of head - disc protrusion

10. distraction tests for:: cervical spine - pull patient head - nerve root compressoin

11. kernig's tests for:: cervical spine - 90 degree hip - knee extension - sciatica

12. cervical flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 45 degrees

13. cervical extension - normal ROM (range of motion): 55 degrees

14. cervical lateral flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 45 degrees

15. cervical rotation - normal ROM (range of motion): 80 degrees

16. empty can/drop tests: upper limbs - extend arm to side

17. apley scratch tests: upper limbs - reach behind back and connect hands - strain/tear supraspinatus

18. external rotation tests: upper limbs - arm bent 90 degree, elbow 45 degrees, strain/tear infraspinatus

19. external rotation ii tests: upper limbs - laterally rotate shoulder - strain/tear teres minor

20. internal rotation tests: upper limbs - try to pull away form back against resistance - strain/tear subscapularis

21. adson's tests: upper limbs - abduct arm 90 degree - pulse diminish thoracic outlet syndrome

22. speed's tests: upper limbs - shoulder 90 degree resist pressure - biceptital tendonpathy or labral tear

23. yergason's tests: upper limbs - laterally rotate humerus - bicepital tendonopathy or labral tear

24. cozen's/mill's tests: upper limbs - pronate arm and extend wrist - tennis elbow

25. reverse cozen's/reverse mill's tests: upper limbs - supinate arm and flex wrist - golfer elbow 1 / 3 orthopedic tests

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26. phalen's sign's tests: upper limbs - press back of hands together - carpal tunnel syndrome

27. reverse phalen's tests: upper limbs - prayer pose - carpal tunnel syndrome

28. tinel's tests: upper limbs - tap over pc6 area - carpal tunnel syndrome

29. finklestein's tests: upper limbs - fist with thumb inside - dequervain's tenosynovitis

30. mcburney's points tests: abdomens - press on abdomen - appendicitis

31. murphy's points tests: abdomens - breath in with abdomen pressed on - cholecystitis

32. straight leg raise tests: hip/lumbar spine - supine - straight leg off table - sciatica/disk bulge

33. patrick's/faber's tests: hip/lumbar spine - FABER - flexion, abduction, external, rotation, figure 4 legs, si joint issue

34. yeoman's tests: hip/lumbar spine - extend hip/knee, rotate ileum - si joint sprain/strain

35. valsalva maneuver tests: hip/lumbar spine - hold breath and fake bowel movement - lumbar disc protrusion

36. squat tests: hip/lumbar spine - squat and stand - l3/l4 injury

37. heel/toe walking tests: hip/lumbar spine - walk on heels/toes - s1 injury/l5 injury

38. apley compression tests: legs - prone - lift and rotate leg - LCL, MCL, meniscus

39. draw tests: legs - knee bent 90 degree, foot flat on table - excess movement in joint, acl/pcl tear

40. mcmurray's tests: legs - foot and lateral joint of knee bend - rotate foot outward - medial/lateral meniscus

41. homan's signs tests: legs - knee gently bend, dorsiflex - sharp pain in calf, deep vein thrombosis

42. babinski tests: legs - pen, stroke sole of foot - multiple sclerosis or upper motor neuron lesion

43. shoulder flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 180 degrees

44. shoulder extension - normal ROM (range of motion): 45-60 degrees

45. abduction - normal ROM (range of motion): 150 degrees

46. external rotation - normal ROM (range of motion): 90 degrees

47. internal rotation - normal ROM (range of motion): 70 degrees

48. elbow flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 145 degrees

49. forearm pronation - normal ROM (range of motion): 70 degrees

50. supination - normal ROM (range of motion): 85 degrees

51. wrist extension - normal ROM (range of motion): 70 degrees

52. flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 75 degrees

53. radial deviation - normal ROM (range of motion): 20 degrees 2 / 3 orthopedic tests

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54. ulnar deviation - normal ROM (range of motion): 35 degrees

55. physical assessment tests sound similar to: ortho tests

56. lumbar flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 90 degrees

57. lumbar extension - normal ROM (range of motion): 30 degrees

58. lateral hip flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 30 degrees

59. hip rotation - normal ROM (range of motion): 30 degrees

60. hip flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 140 degrees

61. hip extension - normal ROM (range of motion): 20 degrees

62. hip abduction (with 80 degree hip flexed) - normal ROM (range of motion)- : 50 degrees

63. hip adduction - normal ROM (range of motion): 30 degrees

64. hip extended - normal ROM (range of motion): 20 degree flexed

65. medial/internal hip rotation - normal ROM (range of motion): 45 degrees

66. lateral/external hip rotation - normal ROM (range of motion): 35 degrees (50 flexed)

67. knee flexion - normal ROM (range of motion): 135 degrees

68. knee extension - normal ROM (range of motion): 0 degrees

69. abduction - normal ROM (range of motion): 3 / 3